Underfloor heating operates as a low-temperature system, typically with flow temperatures between 30 and 45 °C, making it ideal for use with heat pumps. The uniform heat radiation across the entire floor area creates a comfortable temperature gradient, warm at foot level and cooler above. Hydraulic systems consist of heating circuits with PE-X or PE-RT pipes embedded in screed. Manifolds allow balancing of individual circuits. Design and testing are governed by EN 1264. Typical area heating loads range from 40 to 100 W/m². Dry construction systems offer faster heat-up times, while wet screed systems provide better thermal storage.